Germany and Berlin divided into four occupation zones

After the unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945, Germany was divided into four military occupation zones.

France	in the southwest
Britain	in the northwest
The United States	in the south
The Soviet Union	in the east

Berlin, which lay in the Soviet (eastern) sector, was also divided into four military occupation sectors (zones) with the Western sectors later becoming West Berlin and the Soviet sector becoming East Berlin, capital of East Germany.

France	in the northwest
Britain	in the west
The United States	in the southwest
The Soviet Union	in the east

The city of Berlin was divided by the Berlin Wall from 1961 to 1989. It separated the eastern half from the western half. People from the eastern half tried to escape even though the Berlin Wall was there. They used many methods to get around the guards and barbed wire on the Berlin Wall.

The Berlin Wall was taken down on 9 November 1989. Many people thought the Berlin Wall was a symbol of the Cold War. 

Manchester - from industrial city to high-tech

Manchester: 

Today:	British sporting and music city.
Nineteenth century:	main activity was the textile industry.

Manchester: the first industrial city

The Industrial Revolution	The period when manual labour was replaced by steam-driven factory production, began in Manchester in the eighteenth century.
Manchester was a textile city.	All the textile factories were located close to coal mines. Transport costs and the location of coal were the main location factors.
Coal	Coal was the means of production that was needed to power the steam engines in the textile factories.
Labour	Labour was another important means of production: there was a lot of knowledge and experience in the region.
Mass production	Entrepreneurs started to use new techniques, and the steam engine was the beginning of mass production.
Cotton	Cotton was a raw material that was cheap to import via the port of Liverpool.

Crisis and renewal
The location factors have changed since the early days.

Electricity	Coal was replaced with electricity, and other countries took the lead with modern machines.
Low-wage countries	The serious crisis that industry experienced after 1970 was mainly due to cheap labour in low-wage countries.
Service sector	Manchester is a modern city again, after developing its service sector.
High-tech industry	Today, the most important fields are high-tech industry and science. Also urban renewal.

High-tech in Manchester

Many high-tech businesses are big, knowledge-intensive multinationals. They invest a lot in research and development and need highly qualified employees.

Footloose industry	High-tech companies are footloose.  They are free to choose their location, because they make products that have a high value, but not much weight or volume.
Although high-tech companies are footloose, they locate themselves close to each other.	There are a lot of partnerships between the public sector, science and businesses. This results in economies of agglomeration for businesses: they benefit from being close to each other because they can exchange ideas and information.
Accesibility	Accessibility (infrastructure) is an important location factor, because they have many international contacts.
Scenic landscape	The residential environment (culture and landscape) is also an important location factor.

QUIZLET

https://quizlet.com/_90yo92?x=1qqt&i=3ai5nx

Footloose industry

Footloose industry is a term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factors such as resources or transport.

Motorways
Industrial regions, where footloose industry is the most dominant, are often located along motorway corridors. 

The motorway corridors provides businesses with excellent transport links and good access to international airports. 

University
The industries are also located close to traditional university towns where the necessary skilled workers are likely to reside.