Sahel

The Sahel is a region in West Africa. 

It is a strip of dry land about 5500 kilometres long and 450 kilometres wide. The Sahel covers parts of (from west to east) the Gambia, Senegal, southern Mauritania, central Mali, Burkina Faso, southern Algeria and Niger, northern Nigeria and Cameroon, central Chad, southern Sudan, and northern South Sudan. It lies at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert and is located between the dry desert land to the north and the forest areas to the south.

Climate
The Sahel has a semi-arid climate. The temperature is high throughout the year. 
There is little rainfall in the Sahel (between 100-150 mm and 600mm). It is concentrated during summer months and can be unreliable. It may be very dry in some years, especially if a large area of low pressure, which brings rain, is not carried North over the Sahel by strong winds.

Desertification
The Sahel is facing a big problem, Desertification. The distribution of rainfall in the Sahel region is uneven. The rainfall in the region has been below average since 1970. The Sahel is becoming drier on the whole. The problem of drought affects most of the countries. As a result, crops and animals die. 

Soil erosion
There is no vegetation to protect the soil, which is then removed by flash floods and strong wind. This leads to soil erosion. 

Deforestation
The population in the Sahel is growing. To meet the ever-increasing demand for firewood, a lot of trees have been cut down. More land has become barren. This is called deforestation. 

Overcultivation
Because people farm intensively in order to grow more crops, the soil becomes dry and infertile. If this process continues for a long time, no crops can be grown. This is called overcultivation. 

Overgrazing
People keep many animals for food. However, the grass cannot support so many grazing animals. This is called overgrazing. 

Deforestation

Deforestation is clearing Earth's forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. The habitats of the animals are lost and many animals die. At the moment every 90 minutes the tropical rainforest in the Amazon will be 2.2 square kilometres smaller. That is about 270 football pitches.

Deforestation also results in global warming (climate change).

Forests still cover about 30 percent of the world’s land area, but areas of the size of Panama (± 75,000 sq. km) are lost each and every year.

The world’s rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.

Forests are cut down for many reasons, but most of them are related to money or to people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to provide more room for planting crops or grazing livestock. 

Often many small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn” agriculture.

Forests are often planted to protect against natural disasters. When forests are lost, very often the soil they protected is also lost. This loss of soil is often called erosion. We give out carbon dioxide when we breathe and plants and trees take it in by photosynthesis. 

Without forests rain falls scarcely on hot areas.